Resumen Objetivos: Establecer e implementar un protocolo simplificado de extracción, aislamiento primario y cultivo de células madre derivadas de la pulpa dental humana (DPSCh). Analizar cuantitativamente y cualitativamente las células aisladas. Metodología: 10 terceros molares sanos donados por pacientes que concurrieron a la Facultad de Odontología, UdelaR y otorgaron su consentimiento escrito fueron procesados antes de las 48 hs. Se realizó la fractura de la pieza para la obtención del tejido pulpar y se procesó por el método explante. Se analizó viabilidad celular y expresión de marcadores por citometría de flujo en pasajes 4 y 12 y se corroboró mediante inmunocitoquímica. Resultados: Las células obtenidas presentaron una vitalidad mayor al 90% en todos los pasajes, observándose una morfología característica y expresión de marcadores de células madre mesenquimales CD90, C105, CD73, CD29 y 166 mediante citometría de flujo en ambos pasajes. Conclusiones: Se logró establecer un protocolo de aislamiento y expansión celular, con alta tasa de éxito de una población de DPSCh.

Abstract Objectives: To establish and implement a simplified protocol for the extraction, primary isolation, and culture of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). To analyze the isolated cells quantitatively and qualitatively. Methodology: Ten healthy third molars were donated by patients who attended the School of Dentistry, UdelaR, and gave their written consent. The teeth were processed within 48 hours. The teeth were sectioned to obtain the pulp tissue and processed with the explant method. Cell viability and marker expression were analyzed by flow cytometry at passages 4 and 12 and verified by immunocytochemistry. Results: The cells obtained had a vitality greater than 90% in all passages. We found the characteristic morphology and the expression of CD90, C105, CD73, CD29 and 166 mesenchymal stem cell markers by flow cytometry in both passages. Conclusion: It was possible to establish a cell isolation protocol that is highly successful and safe to isolate hDPSC.

Resumo Objetivos: Estabelecer e implementar um protocolo simplificado para a extração, isolamento primário e cultura de células-tronco da polpa dentária humana (DPSCh). Analise as células isoladas quantitativa e qualitativamente. Metodologia: 10 terceiros molares saudáveis doados por pacientes que frequentaram a Faculdade de Odontologia UdelaR e deram consentimento por escrito foram processados antes de 48 horas. A fratura da peça foi realizada para obtenção do tecido pulpar e processada pelo método do explante. A viabilidade celular e a expressão do marcador foram analisadas por citometría de fluxo nas passagens 4 e 12 e confirmadas por inmunocitoquímica. Resultados: As células obtidas apresentaram viabilidade superior a 90% em todas as passagens, observando uma morfologia característica e expressão dos marcadores de células-tronco mesenquimais CD90, C105, CD73, CD29 e 166 por citometría de fluxo em ambas as passagens. Conclusões: Foi possível estabelecer um protocolo de isolamento celular, com alta taxa de sucesso e segurança para isolar o DPSCh.

RESUMO: Uma série de casos foi estudada para determinar a frequência de causas do aborto em bovinos leiteiros no Uruguai. A amostra, de 102 casos, foi composta por 53 fetos, 35 fetos com placentas e 14 placentas sem feto associado. Todos os casos foram submetidos a exames patológicos macroscópicos e microscópicos, além de testes microbiológicos e sorológicos. A etiologia foi determinada em 54 (53%) dos casos, 51 dos quais foram causados por agentes infecciosos. Nos 102 casos observados, 30 (29%) foram causados por Neospora caninum, seis (6%) por Coxiella burnetii e dois (2%) por Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. O vírus da Parainfluenza-3 e Salmonella enterica serovar Newport causaram um aborto cada. Bactérias oportunistas (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Mannheimia sp., Trueperella pyogenes e Providencia stuartii) foram associadas a 11 abortos. Em dois casos, a morte fetal foi atribuída a distocia e, em um caso, o feto apresentava mesotelioma congênito. A infecção pelo vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) foi identificada em três fetos; dois dos quais foram co-infectados e apresentavam lesões típicas de N. caninum. Não foram observadas lesões no outro feto infectado pelo BVDV. Leptospira interrogans foi identificada em um feto sem lesões. Apesar da relativamente baixa taxa de sucesso no diagnóstico etiológico nos casos de aborto em bovinos, é necessário o diagnóstico sistemático dos abortos para estabelecer estratégias de prevenção e controle. Isso também facilita o monitoramento e a vigilância de doenças reprodutivas em bovinos leiteiros, algumas das quais representam um risco para a saúde pública.

ABSTRACT: A case series study was conducted to determine the frequency of causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Uruguay. The sample size of 102 cases was composed of 53 fetuses, 35 fetuses with placentas, and 14 placentas without an associated fetus. All cases underwent gross and microscopic pathologic examinations as well as microbiological and serological testing. The etiology was determined in 54 (53%) of cases, 51 of which were caused by infectious agents. Within the observed 102 cases, 30 (29%) were caused by Neospora caninum, six (6%) by Coxiella burnetii and two (2%) by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. Bovine Parainfluenza-3 virus and Salmonella enterica serovar Newport caused one abortion each. Opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Mannheimia sp., Trueperella pyogenes, and Providencia stuartii) were associated with 11 abortions. In two cases the fetal death was attributed to dystocia, and in one case the fetus had a congenital mesothelioma. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was identified in three fetuses; two of which were co-infected with and had typical lesions of N. caninum. No lesions were observed in the other fetus infected by BVDV. Leptospira interrogans was identified in one fetus without lesions. Despite the relatively low overall success rate in establishing an etiological diagnosis in cases of abortion in cattle, a systemic workup of bovine abortion is necessary to establish prevention and control strategies. This also facilitates monitoring and surveillance of reproductive diseases in dairy cattle, some of which represent a risk to public health.

ABSTRACT Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are rare diseases that receive limited attention in our field. The objective of this study was to implement the Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification technique (MLPA) and to demonstrate that it has advantages over the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (Multiplex PCR) technique. Samples from 40 individuals with a presumptive diagnosis of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies were analyzed: first by Multiplex PCR and then by MLPA. Fifteen individuals with causal deletions were detected with Multiplex PCR, while the MLPA technique was able to diagnose 21 individuals, four duplications, and 17 deletions. In conclusion, the MLPA technique can detect mutations of the exon deletion and duplication type, yielding a larger number of molecular diagnoses due to alterations in the DMD gene.

RESUMEN Las distrofias musculares de Duchenne/Becker son enfermedades raras que reciben poca atención en nuestro medio. El objetivo del presente estudio fue implementar la técnica de amplificación múltiple dependiente de ligación por sondas (MLPA) y demostrar que tiene ventajas sobre la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa multiplex (PCR-multiplex). Se analizaron muestras de 40 individuos con diagnóstico presuntivo de distrofia muscular de Duchenne/Becker, primero por PCR-multiplex y luego por MLPA. Con la PCR-multiplex se detectaron 15 individuos con deleciones causales y con la técnica MLPA se logró diagnosticar a 21 individuos, cuatro duplicaciones y 17 deleciones. En conclusión, la técnica MLPA logra detectar mutaciones de tipo deleción y duplicación de exones, consiguiendo un mayor número de diagnósticos moleculares por alteraciones en el gen DMD.

ABSTRACT Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are rare diseases that receive limited attention in our field. The objective of this study was to implement the Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification technique (MLPA) and to demonstrate that it has advantages over the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (Multiplex PCR) technique. Samples from 40 individuals with a presumptive diagnosis of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies were analyzed: first by Multiplex PCR and then by MLPA. Fifteen individuals with causal deletions were detected with Multiplex PCR, while the MLPA technique was able to diagnose 21 individuals, four duplications, and 17 deletions. In conclusion, the MLPA technique can detect mutations of the exon deletion and duplication type, yielding a larger number of molecular diagnoses due to alterations in the DMD gene.

RESUMEN Las distrofias musculares de Duchenne/Becker son enfermedades raras que reciben poca atención en nuestro medio. El objetivo del presente estudio fue implementar la técnica de amplificación múltiple dependiente de ligación por sondas (MLPA) y demostrar que tiene ventajas sobre la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa multiplex (PCR-multiplex). Se analizaron muestras de 40 individuos con diagnóstico presuntivo de distrofia muscular de Duchenne/Becker, primero por PCR-multiplex y luego por MLPA. Con la PCR-multiplex se detectaron 15 individuos con deleciones causales y con la técnica MLPA se logró diagnosticar a 21 individuos, cuatro duplicaciones y 17 deleciones. En conclusión, la técnica MLPA logra detectar mutaciones de tipo deleción y duplicación de exones, consiguiendo un mayor número de diagnósticos moleculares por alteraciones en el gen DMD.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de três tratamentos térmicos adicionais de baixo custo, disponíveis no consultório dentário, nas propriedades mecânicas, químicas e ópticas de uma resina composta fotoativada indicada para restaurações diretas porém usada como restaurador indireto. A resina composta direta TPH3 (Dentsply) foi fotoativada usando um diodo emissor de luz e submetida a três tratamentos térmicos adicionais experimentais: forno seco a 170 °C por 5 min, autoclave a 121 °C por 6 min ou forno de micro-ondas a 450 W por 3 min. A resina composta sem qualquer tratamento térmico adicional foi usada como grupo controle negativo. Uma resina composta indireta (Vita CM LC, Vita Zahnfabrik) foi testada como referência comercial. Resistência à flexão, módulo de elasticidade, microdureza, grau de conversão de C=C, rugosidade antes e após abrasão por escovação simulada, parâmetro de translucidez e diferença de cor (ΔE00) foram avaliados. Os dados foram analisados considerando α=0.05. A resina composta indireta apresentou menor conversão de C=C e desempenho mecânico. A resistência à flexão foi significativamente mais alta no grupo forno seco comparado ao controle. A rugosidade não foi diferente entre os grupos antes ou após a escovação, porém os tratamentos térmicos adicionais causaram aumento na conversão de C=C, microdureza e módulo de elasticidade, sem afetar o parâmetro de translucidez ou mostrar alteração de cor visível (ΔE00<1,8). Estes resultados sugerem que o uso de métodos térmicos adicionais de polimerização representam alternativa econômica e simples para aprimorar as propriedades mecânicas e químicas de resinas compostas diretas quando utilizadas como restauradores indiretos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three low-cost additional thermal treatments, available in the dental office, on the mechanical, chemical and optical properties of a light-cured resin composite indicated for direct restorations but used as indirect restorative. The direct resin composite TPH3 (Dentsply) was light-polymerized using a light-emitting diode curing unit and submitted to three experimental additional thermal treatments: dry heat at 170 °C for 5 min, autoclave at 121 °C for 6 min, or microwave oven at 450 W for 3 min. The resin composite without any thermal treatment was used as negative control group. An indirect resin composite (Vita CM LC, Vita Zahnfabrik) was tested as a reference. Flexural strength, elastic modulus, microhardness, degree of C=C conversion, roughness before and after simulated toothbrush abrasion, translucency parameter and color difference (ΔE00) were evaluated. Data were analyzed at α=0.05. The indirect resin composite presented lower C=C conversion and mechanical performance. The flexural strength was significantly higher in the dry oven group compared with the control. The roughness was not different among groups before or after brushing, but the thermal treatments caused an increase in C=C conversion, microhardness, and elastic modulus without affecting the translucency parameter or showing visible color alteration (ΔE00<1.8). These results suggest that the use of additional thermal methods of polymerization represents an economical and simple alternative to enhance the mechanical and chemical properties of direct resin composites when used as indirect restoratives.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the manipulation of gametes with a flow cytometry sorter has a negative effect on the key performance indicators (KPI´s). MATERIALS AND METHOD: Descriptive and retrospective analysis, in couples undergoing In a Vitro Fertilization (IVF) by ICSI, with sperm selection, using a flow cytometry sorter for sex selection. The study was conducted at the New Hope Fertility Center in Guadalajara and Mexico City, from June 2014 to August 2017. The results were compared with a randomly group without a flow cytometry sorter. KPI´s were evaluated; normal fertilization rate, abnormal (1PN, ≥3 PN), failed fertilization, ICSI damage rate, cleavage rate, blastocyst development rate, implantation rate (cleavage and blastocyst-stage) and live birth rate. A Student&apos;s t-test was made for two samples considering significant differences with p < 0.05. RESULTS: 150 cycles were evaluated. Group 1: ICSI with sperm selection by a flow cytometry sorter (n = 40); Group 2: ICSI without sperm selection (n = 110). Observing with statistical significance a decreased of the KPI´s of Group 1: failed fertilization rate (1.6%), blastocyst development rate (17.4%), implantation rate (cleavage-stage) (10%), implantation rate (blastocyst-stage) (14.2%) and live birth rate (14.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The manipulation of gametes with the flow cytometry sorter, has a negative effect on the assisted reproductive technology KPI´s; specifically, in the blastocyst rate, blastocyst implantation rate and live birth rate.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar si la manipulación de gametos con sorter de citometría de flujo repercute negativamente en los indicadores clave de rendimiento de un laboratorio de reproducción asistida. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, llevado a cabo en parejas a quienes se efectuó fecundación in vitro mediante inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides (ICSI), con selección espermática, mediante un sorter de citometría de flujo, para selección de sexo. El estudio se efectuó en el New Hope Fertility Center de Guadalajara y Ciudad de México, de junio de 2014 a agosto de 2017. Los resultados se compararon con un grupo control seleccionado al azar. Se evaluaron los indicadores decisivos de rendimiento (KPI´s); tasa de fecundación normal, anormal (1PN, ≥ 3 PN) y fallida; tasa de degeneración posterior a ICSI; tasas de segmentación o división, blastocisto, implantación (segmentación y blastocisto) y recién nacido. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para dos muestras y se consideró estadísticamente significativo el valor de p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 150 ciclos. Grupo 1: ICSI con selección espermática y sorter de citometría de flujo (n = 40); Grupo 2: ICSI sin sorter de citometría de flujo (n = 110). Los indicadores clave de rendimiento del grupo 1 disminuyeron; se reportaron tasas de fecundación fallida de 1.6%, blastocisto 17.4%, implantación en la segmentación 10%, implantación en blastocisto 14.2% y de recién nacido 14.5%. CONCLUSIONES: La manipulación de gametos con sorter de citometría de flujo reportó un efecto negativo en los indicadores clave de rendimiento del laboratorio de reproducción asistida, específicamente en las tasas de blastocisto, implantación de blastocisto y de recién nacido.

Resumen: Se presenta un nuevo método de acupuntura placebo, evaluándose en esta fase el cegamiento del operador. Metodología: Se implementaron dos estudios experimentales utilizando como referencia el punto acupuntural Intestino Grueso 4 (IG4). En el primero (I) tres operadores utilizaron el dispositivo desarrollado en un mismo paciente. Mientras que en un segundo experimento (II), un único acupunturista utilizó dicho dispositivo en 12 voluntarios sanos. Resultados: En I, sobre un total de 30 agujas que utilizaron los operadores, estos pudieron identificar correctamente 7 (23%). Por otra parte, en el experimento II, los porcentajes de acierto encontrados no fueron significativamente diferentes de 50%, por lo cual no hay evidencia suficiente que permita decir que el acupunturista reconoce el tipo de aguja que está utilizando. Conclusiones: El nuevo dispositivo evidenció un alto potencial de cegamiento del operador, sugiriendo que es útil para enmascarar incluso a acupunturistas experimentados.

Abstract: We present a new placebo acupuncture method with potential for double-blinding. In this phase, we evaluate the possibility of blinding the practitioner. Methodology: We conducted two experimental studies using the acupuncture point of the Large Intestine 4 (LI 4) as reference. In the first study (I), three practitioners used the device on the same patient. In the second experiment (II), a single acupuncturist used this device on 12 healthy volunteers. Results: In I, out of 30 needles used by the practitioners, they were able to correctly identify 7 needles (23%) (practitioner #1, 2/10; practitioner #2, 4/10; and practitioner #3, 1/10). In experiment II, success rates were around 50%, so there is not enough evidence to state that the acupuncturist recognizes the type of needle used. Conclusions The new device showed high potential for practitioner blinding, suggesting that it is useful to blind even experienced acupuncturists.

Resumen: Recientes publicaciones plantean la posible asociación del cannabis (Cannabis sativa) con el desarrollo de la periodontitis. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia del consumo de cannabis en la enfermedad periodontal, relevando la evidencia disponible e identificando las variables asociadas en los estudios . Material y método: se realizó una Scoping Review a partir de una búsqueda estructurada en PubMed/ MEDLINE, Science Direct, LILACS, SciELO hasta mayo de 2017 . Resultados: Estudios “In vivo” mostraron una mayor pérdida ósea en animales expuestos a Cannabis. Los casos clínicos muestran que el uso crónico de cannabis puede resultar en agrandamientos gingivales y periodontitis crónica severa localizada. Los estudios epidemiológicos demuestran una asociación estadística entre Cannabis y periodontitis. Conclusiones: El consumo del Cannabis parece estar asociado con una mayor presencia de periodontitis. Sin embargo, se desconoce el mecanismo específico por el cual actúa en los tejidos gingivales.

Abstract: Recent publications suggest the possible association between cannabis (Cannabis sativa) and periodontitis. Objective : To analyze the possible influence of cannabis use on periodontal disease, highlighting the available evidence and identifying the associated variables in the studies. Materials and methods : We conducted a scoping review applying a structured search method in PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, LILACS, SciELO including publications until May 2017. Results : In vivo studies showed greater bone loss in animals exposed to cannabis. Clinical cases show that chronic cannabis use may result in gingival enlargement (with clinical features similar to phenytoin induced enlargement) and localized severe chronic periodontitis. Most of the epidemiological studies confirmed the possible association between cannabis and periodontitis. Conclusions : The consumption of cannabis seems to be associated with a greater presence of periodontitis. However, the specific mechanism by which cannabis acts in the gingival tissues is unknown.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the transcription pattern of neuropeptides in the ontogeny of a malaria vector, the mosquito Anopheles albimanus. Materials and methods: The transcription pattern of Crustacean CardioActive peptide (CCAP), corazonin, Ecdysis Triggering Hormone (ETH), allatostatin-A, orcokinin, Insulin Like Peptide 2 (ILP2), Insulin Like Peptide 5 (ILP5) and bursicon was evaluated using qPCR on larvae (1st - 4th instar), pupae and adult mosquitoes. Results: Unlike in other insects, transcripts of CCAP (70.8%), ETH (60.2%) and corazonin (76.5%) were expressed in 4th instar larvae, probably because these three neuropeptides are associated with the beginning of ecdysis. The neuropeptide ILP2 showed higher transcription levels in other stages and orcokinin decreased during the development of the mosquito. Conclusion: The CCAP, corazonin and ETH neuropeptides are potential targets for the design of control strategies aimed at disrupting An. albiamnus larval development.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la expresión de neuropéptidos durante la ontogenia del mosquito vector de la malaria Anopheles albimanus. Material y métodos: Se midió la expresión de CCAP, corazonina, ETH, allatostatina, orcokinina, ILP2, ILP5 y bursicon en larvas de primer (2mm), segundo (4mm), tercer (5mm) y cuarto (6mm) estadio, pupas y mosquitos adultos, mediante qPCR. Resultados. A diferencia de otros insectos en donde, CCAP, corazonina y ETH se expresan principalmente en estadios pupales, en An. albimanus se expresaron mayoritariamente en larvas de cuarto estadio, CCAP tuvo 70.8% de expresión relativa, corazonina 76.5% y ETH 60.2%. ILP2 fue el neuropéptido que más se expresó en el primer, segundo y tercer estadio y orcokinina disminuyó durante el desarrollo del mosquito. Conclusión. Los péptidos estudiados se expresaron en todos los estadios de desarrollo del mosquito. Sin embargo, su expresión varió en cada uno de ellos. Los neuropéptidos CCAP, corazonina y ETH, que son esenciales para la transformación de lavas a pupas, pueden ser blancos potenciales para el diseño de estrategias de control dirigidas a interrumpir el desarrollo larvario de An. albimanus.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the transcription pattern of neuropeptides in the ontogeny of a malaria vector, the mosquito Anopheles albimanus. Materials and methods: The transcription pattern of Crustacean CardioActive peptide (CCAP), corazonin, Ecdysis Triggering Hormone (ETH), allatostatin-A, orcokinin, Insulin Like Peptide 2 (ILP2), Insulin Like Peptide 5 (ILP5) and bursicon was evaluated using qPCR on larvae (1st - 4th instar), pupae and adult mosquitoes. Results: Unlike in other insects, transcripts of CCAP (70.8%), ETH (60.2%) and corazonin (76.5%) were expressed in 4th instar larvae, probably because these three neuropeptides are associated with the beginning of ecdysis. The neuropeptide ILP2 showed higher transcription levels in other stages and orcokinin decreased during the development of the mosquito. Conclusion: The CCAP, corazonin and ETH neuropeptides are potential targets for the design of control strategies aimed at disrupting An. albiamnus larval development.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la expresión de neuropéptidos durante la ontogenia del mosquito vector de la malaria Anopheles albimanus. Material y métodos: Se midió la expresión de CCAP, corazonina, ETH, allatostatina, orcokinina, ILP2, ILP5 y bursicon en larvas de primer (2mm), segundo (4mm), tercer (5mm) y cuarto (6mm) estadio, pupas y mosquitos adultos, mediante qPCR. Resultados. A diferencia de otros insectos en donde, CCAP, corazonina y ETH se expresan principalmente en estadios pupales, en An. albimanus se expresaron mayoritariamente en larvas de cuarto estadio, CCAP tuvo 70.8% de expresión relativa, corazonina 76.5% y ETH 60.2%. ILP2 fue el neuropéptido que más se expresó en el primer, segundo y tercer estadio y orcokinina disminuyó durante el desarrollo del mosquito. Conclusión. Los péptidos estudiados se expresaron en todos los estadios de desarrollo del mosquito. Sin embargo, su expresión varió en cada uno de ellos. Los neuropéptidos CCAP, corazonina y ETH, que son esenciales para la transformación de lavas a pupas, pueden ser blancos potenciales para el diseño de estrategias de control dirigidas a interrumpir el desarrollo larvario de An. albimanus.

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar la actividad y fuerza muscular de pacientes con deglución atípica (DA; N=88) con competencia labial (CL) o incompetencia labial (IL) vs un grupo control (Ctrl; N=90). Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico de casos y controles se realizó una electromiografía de superficie (sEMG) de los músculos orbicular, mental y maseteros; se determinaron las fuerzas compresiva del orbicular de los labios (FCo), contráctil del masetero derecho (FCmd) e izquierdo (FCmi), extensora del músculo lingual (FEl) por mioescanografía y la fuerza de resistencia del orbicular de los labios (FRo) por dinamometría. Resultados: La amplitud del registro sEMG del músculo orbicular de los labios, en contracción máxima, fue menor (p<0.01) en el grupo DA(596,40±175,83) con respecto a los controles(659,83±203,79); la fuerza de los músculos estudiados en el grupo experimental fue menor (p<0,01) que en los controles (FCo: DA: 0,31±0,13; Ctrl: 0,38±0,11; FCmd: DA: 0,40±0,08; Ctrl: 0,50±0,11; FCmi: DA: 0,41±0,08; Ctrl: 0,58±0,59; FEl; DA: 0,52±0,14; Ctrl: 0,65±0,14; y FRo: DA: 2,47±0,61; Ctrl: 2,73±0,60). Los pacientes con DA-IL presentaron mayor actividad muscular del orbicular en deglución (DA-IL: 197,01±85,84; DA-CL: 160,54±97,03; Ctrl: 147,18±80,10). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con DA difieren en la fuerza de los músculos estudiados y en la actividad muscular del orbicular con respecto a los controles. Los pacientes con DA-CL y DA-IL difieren en la actividad y fuerza muscular del orbicular.

Abstract Objective: To characterize muscle activity and muscle strength in patients with atypical swallowing (AS; n = 88) and competent lips (CL) or incompetent lips (IL) versus a control group (Ctrl; n = 90) Methods and materials: An analytical case-control study was conducted using surface electromyography (sEMG) of the orbicularis oris, mentalis and masseter muscles. Compression forces of the orbicularis oris, right and left masseters muscle (Cfrmm, Cflmm)), tongue tensile strength (Tts) via myoscan analysis and resistance of the orbicularis oris (Roo) via dynamo-metry were determined. Comparisons were made with the Mann-Whitney U test under a 95% confidence interval. Results: The amplitude of the sEMG record of the orbicularis oris muscle, in maximal contraction, was lower (p<0.01) in the atypical swallowing group (596.40 ± 175.83) compared to controls (659.83 ± 203.79). The muscle strength studied in the experimental group was lower (p<0.01) than in controls (CFo: AS: 0.31 ± 0.13; Ctrl: 0.38 ± 0,11; Cfrmm: AS: 0.40 ± 0.08; Ctrl: 0.50 ± 0.11; Cflmm: AS: 0.41 ± 0.08; Ctrl: 0.58 ± 0.59; Tts, AS: 0.52 ± 0.14, Ctrl: 0.65 ± 0.14, and Roo: AS: 2.47 ± 0.61; Ctrl: 2.73 ± 0.60). Patients with incompetent lips had a greater muscle activity of the orbicularis oris in swallowing (AS of IL: 197.01 ± 85.84; AS of CL: 160.54 ± 97.03; Ctrl: 147.18 ± 80.10). Conclusion: Patients with atypical swallowing showed differences in the strength of studied muscles and the muscle activity of the orbicular oris muscle compared to controls.

Resumen: El enfoque de diversidad en la salud se refiere a reconocer y atender especialmente los distintos intereses, demandas, necesidades y procesos de salud-enfermedad específicos de las personas. La consideración étnico-racial en estos casos se torna fundamental. En Uruguay datos censales muestran que el 8,1% de la población (cerca de 255.000 personas) se reconocen como afrodescendientes, constituyendo la “principal minoría étnico - racial del país”. Hasta el presente no existen relevamientos sobre la condición periodontal de la población afrodescendiente de nuestro país. Objetivo: valorar el estado buco-dental y periodontal a través de indicadores del proceso salud-enfermedad. Material y Método: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal no representativo de la población afrouruguaya. Criterios de inclusión: rango etario de 15 a 35 años con residencia en Montevideo. Criterios de Exclusión: estar embarazada, haber recibido terapia periodontal o tratamiento con antibióticos en los últimos 6 meses. El tamaño de cada muestra de población con o sin origen afro fue de 40 individuos, mitad hombres y mitad mujeres. Fue aplicada la Historia Clínica Rediente conjuntamente con un registro periodontal clínico, usando periodontímetro calibrado por milímetro examinando seis sitios por pieza dentaria en boca completa. Resultados: el grupo afrodescendiente tiene un diente menos en promedio que el grupo no afrodescendiente, particularmente primeros molares inferiores. Registra también mayor prevalencia, extensión y severidad de pérdida de inserción respecto al grupo control. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en referencia a la profundidad de sondaje entre ambas poblaciones. Conclusiones: La población afrodescendiente se integró a los sectores populares de la sociedad determinando mayor vulnerabilidad de la misma. En la franja etaria considerada (15 - 35 años) en el grupo de afrodescendientes hay mayor prevalencia, extensión y severidad de Pérdida de Inserción Periodontal en relación a los no afrodescendientes. Por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en relación a la Profundidad de Sondaje en las poblaciones examinadas.

Abstract: The diversity approach in health focuses on recognizing and paying special attention to the different interests, demands, needs and health-disease processes specif to certain people. Ethnic-racial considerations in these cases become fundamental.In Uruguay, census data show that 8.1% of the population (approximately 255,000 people) consider themselves Afrodescendants, which makes them the main ethnic-racial minority of the country. To date, there are no surveys on the periodontal condition of Afrodescendant population in our country. Objective: to evaluate the oral and periodontal status of patients through health-disease process indicators. Materials and methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study of the Afro-Uruguayan population. Inclusion criteria: age range from 15 to 35, living in Montevideo. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy, having received periodontal treatment or treatment with antibiotics in the last 6 months. The size of each population sample with or without African origin was of 40 individuals each, half men, half women. The Rediente Clinical History was used, the periodontal parameters were recorded using a periodontal probe calibrated by millimeter, and six sites per tooth were examined in a full mouth. Results: the group of Afrodescendants have one less tooth, on average, than non-Afrodescendants, especially the first mandibular molars. They also show higher prevalence, depth and severity of attachment loss compared to the control group. No statistically significant differences were found in probing depth between the two groups. Conclusions: Afrodescendants became part of the popular sectors of society, which makes them more vulnerable. In the age range considered (15-35), Afrodescendants have higher prevalence, extension and severity of clinical attachment loss than non-Afrodescendants. No statistically significant differences were found in the considered age range regarding probing depth in the populations examined.

Resumen: El presente trabajo buscó analizar aspectos electrofisiológicos del control voluntario de la actividad contráctil del músculo masetero estudiando una nueva variable, presentada previamente por nuestro grupo. Con este objetivo se realizó un estudio comparativo entre un grupo de voluntarios sanos y otro de pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares. Se utilizó un sistema experimental que utilizó retroalimentación visual a tiempo real para controlar el esfuerzo contráctil del músculo masetero y se calculó para cada registro electromiográfico, el tiempo que cada individuo necesitó para controlar la trayectoria de la actividad motora. Los coeficientes de variación y los desvíos estándar fueron diferentes entre los grupos analizados (p< 0.01 y p=0.02 respectivamente). Un coeficiente de variación mayor a 0.936 fue encontrado, determinando de esta manera, una especificidad del 93.7%. Asimismo se verificó una sensibilidad del 60%. Esta nueva variable mostró un potencial diagnóstico prometedor, con alta especificidad. Es posible que la sensibilidad pueda aumentarse si se realizan más repeticiones para cada individuo, de modo de analizar mejor el impacto de la dispersión.

Abstract: This study analyzed the electrophysiological aspects of the voluntary control of the contractile activity of the masseter muscle studying a new variable, previously presented by our group. We conducted a comparative study among healthy volunteers and patients with temporomandibular disorders. We used an experimental system that included real time visual feedback to control the contractile effort of the masseter muscle. The time that each individual needed to control the trajectory of the motor activity was calculated for each electromyographic record. Coefficients of variation and standard deviations were different in the groups analyzed (p<0.01 and p = 0.02 respectively). We found a coefficient of variation greater than 0.936, which determines a 93.7% specificity. Additionally, a 60% sensitivity was verified. This new variable showed promising diagnostic potential, with high specificity. Sensitivity can be increased if more repetitions are conducted for each individual, so as to better analyze the impact of dispersion.

Resumen Objetivo: Relacionar la actividad y la fuerza muscular con la relación molar, el género y el rango de edad en escolares entre 7 y 12 años con deglución atípica (DA). Materiales y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico de casos y controles; se utilizó un muestreo probabilístico. Se examinaron 88 escolares en cada grupo. Se realizó una electromiografía de superficie (SEMG) de los músculos orbicular, mental y maseteros; se determinaron las fuerzas compresiva del orbicular de los labios (FCO), la contráctil del masetero derecho (FCMD) e izquierdo (FCMI) y la extensora del músculo lingual (FEL), y por mioescanografía y dinamometría, la fuerza de resistencia del orbicular de los labios (FRO). Las comparaciones estadísticas se realizaron con la prueba no paramétrica U de Mann-Withney (p< 0,05). Resultados: Las amplitudes del registro SEMG de los músculos mental y maseteros fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo de DA con respecto a las del grupo control. Ambos géneros presentaron menor fuerza contráctil de los maseteros y extensora del músculo lingual que los controles. En el grupo de 7-9 años, los escolares con DA solo difieren de los controles en la fuerza compresiva del orbicular y en el grupo de 10-12 años los escolares con DA presentan una disminución significativa de todas las fuerzas musculares. Conclusión: Los pacientes con DA tienen mayor frecuencia en la relación molar clase II y clase III en ambos lados. Existen diferencias en la actividad muscular y en la fuerza de los maseteros entre los sexos con y sin DA, esta diferencia se acentúa al aumentar la edad.

Abstract Objective: To relate activity and muscle strength to molar ratio, gender, and age range in children 7-12 years old with atypical swallowing. Materials and Methods: A probability sampling in a case-control analytic study was used to assess 88 children 7-12 years old in each group. A Surface electromyography (SEMG) of the orbicularis oris, mentalis, and masseter muscles was performed. The compressive strength of the orbicularis oris of the lips (CSO), contractile strength of the right masseter muscle (CSRM), and of the left masseter muscle (CSLM) were determined by dynamometry, as were the extensor strength of the lingual muscles (ESLM) and the resistance strength of the orbicularis oris of the lip (RSO). Statistical comparisons with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (p <0.05) were performed. Results: SEMG amplitudes of mentalis and masseter muscles were significantly higher for the AS group compared to the control groups. Both genders showed lower contractile strength of the masseter muscle and the extensor strength of the lingual muscle in contrast to the control group. The group of children 7-9 years old with atypical swallowing differs from the control group with respect to the compression strength of the orbicularis oris muscle, and the group of children 10-12 years old with atypical swallowing shows a significant decrease with respect to the strength of all muscles. Conclusion: Patients with as show a greater molar ratio in Class II and Class III on both sides. Muscle activity and strength of the masseter muscle differs between genders with as and without as. This difference increases with age.

Resumo Objetivo: Relacionar a atividade e a força muscular com a relação molar, o gênero e o rango de idade em crianças entre 7 e 12 anos com deglutição atípica. Materiais e Método: Estudo analítico de casos e controles utilizou a amostragem probabilística. Examinaram-se 88 crianças em cada grupo. Realizou-se uma eletromiografia de superfície (SEMG) dos músculos orbicular, mental e masseteres; se determinaram as forças compreensiva do orbicular dos lábios (FCO), contráctil do masseter direito (FCMD) e esquerdo (FCMI), extensora do músculo lingual (FEL) por mioescanografia e a força de resistência do orbicular dos lábios (FRO) por balancear subcrítica. As comparações estatísticas se realizaram com a prova não paramétrica U de Mann-Withney (p< 0,05). Resultados: As amplitudes do registro SEMG dos músculos mental e masseteres foram significativamente maiores no grupo de deglutição atípica (DA) com respeito aos controles. Ambos os gêneros apresentaram menor força contráctil dos masseteres e extensora do músculo lingual que os controles. No grupo de 7-9 anos, as crianças com DA só diferem dos controles na força compressiva do orbicular e no grupo de 10-12 anos as crianças com DA apresentam uma diminuição significativa de todas as forças musculares. Conclusão: Os pacientes com DA têm maior frequência na relação molar Classe II e Classe III em ambos os lados. Existem diferenças na atividade muscular e na força dos masseteres entre os sexos com e sem DA, esta diferença acentua-se ao aumentar a idade.

Resumo Essa revisão sistemática avaliou se diferentes protocolos de criopreservação podem afetar as propriedades biológicas (taxa de sobrevivência celular, proliferação, diferenciação, manutenção dos marcadores de superfície) de células-tronco isoladas de tecidos dentais (DSC) após o descongelamento. Uma busca eletrônica foi realizada no PubMed e no ISI Web of Science utilizando palavras-chave específicas. Dois revisores independentes avaliaram os títulos e resumos de todos os estudos respeitando critérios de inclusão e exclusão previamente determinados. Os dados foram extraídos considerando as propriedades biológicas de DSC, e DSC isoladas de tecidos previamente criopreservados. DSC criopreservadas logo após seu isolamento apresentaram propriedades biológicas muito semelhantes às observadas em DSC não criopreservadas. Dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) [10%] demonstrou bons resultados relacionados com a recuperação celular após descongelamento de células e tecidos, por períodos de até 2 anos. A criopreservação de DSC em freezer mecânico (-80 °C) permite a recuperação de células-tronco pós-descongelação. A utilização de freezer com campo magnético (MF), proporciona a utilização de uma menor concentração de crioprotector, mas a sua utilização não é dispensável. É possível isolar e criopreservar e criopreservar células-tronco da polpa dental (DPSC) de dentes vitais saudáveis e doentes. Criopreservação de tecidos dentais após o isolamento de DSC, combinados com MF, podem ser valiosas estratégias para reduzir custos e melhorar a logística no desenvolvimento de bancos de dentes.

Abstract This systematic review evaluated if different cryopreservation protocols could affect biological properties (Cell survival rate (CSR), proliferation, differentiation, maintenance of stem cell markers) of stem cells obtained from dental tissues (DSC) post-thaw. An electronic search was carried out within PubMed and ISI Web Science by using specific keyword. Two independent reviewers read the titles and abstracts of all reports respecting predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data were extracted considering the biological properties of previously cryopreserved DSCs and previously cryopreserved dental tissues. DSCs cryopreserved as soon as possible after their isolation presents a CSR quite similar to the non-cryopreserved DSC. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [10%] showed good results related to cell recovery post-thaw to cryopreserve cells and tissues for periods of up to 2 years. The cryopreservation of DSC in a mechanical freezer (-80°C) allows the recovery of stem cells post-thaw. The facilities producing magnetic field (MF), demand a lower concentration of cryoprotectant, but their use is not dispensable. It is possible to isolate and cryopreserve dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) from healthy and diseased vital teeth. Cryopreservation of dental tissues for late DSC isolation, combined with MF dispensability, could be valuable to reduce costs and improve the logistics to develop teeth banks.